Collection of scientific works «Scientific Problems of Architecture and Urban Planning» | ODABA
Previous title of the collection: Problems of the Theory and History of Architecture of Ukraine Founder: Odesa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Year of foundation: 2000. Under the current name - 2022 Topics: Results of scientific and experimental-theoretical research in the field of: construction and architecture; building structures; building materials and technologies; hydraulic and transport construction; engineering networks and equipment; foundations and foundations; technology and organization of construction production. Certificate of state registration: KV No. 25220-15160PR dated 10.06.2022 Professional registration: Resolution No. 1279 dated 28.12.2019 (category B) Science field: 191 Architecture and urban planning 192 Construction and civil engineering Periodicity: 1 time per year UDC classification index: UDC 001.891.7:69:72 Editorial address: Editorial office of the collection "Scientific problems of architecture and urban planning", Odesa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 4 Didrikhson St., Odesa, 65029 tel. +38 (098) 101-66-82 (technical editor Kovalenko Olga Sergiyevna) e-mail: zbirnyk-das@odaba.edu.ua Collection website: zbirnyk.org.ua Academy website: odaba.edu.ua Collection website under the previous title "Problems of the Theory and History of Architecture of Ukraine" Collection website under the previous domain name ptiart.wixsite.com/ogasa
Одеська державна академія будівництва та архітектури
Normative base of Ukraine in the area of solar shading of buildings
When designing houses in the southern regions of Ukraine there is a problem of protection of premises from direct solar radiation, which causes thermal and light discomfort. The practice of building construction in the southern areas shows that many houses are designed without taking into account the excess thermal action of insolation in the summer. In buildings with significant access of insolation to the premises, technical means of sun protection (air conditioning, internal cooling systems) are used, which leads to significant energy consumption. The rigidity of energy saving requirements leads to the need to develop new standards for the design and use of sun protection devices. They are able to significantly reduce the load on the cooling systems of buildings during the overheating period in summer and maintain or slightly reduce passive solar heating in winter. Due to the high brightness of sunlight and the appearance of glare on the mirror-reflecting surfaces, there is light (visual) discomfort. Sunscreens should be designed to provide protection against overheating in summer, reduce heat loss during the cold season, increase viewer comfort and visual contact with the environment. The norms set the minimum duration of insolation, but an excess of direct solar radiation can also lead to negative consequences. The practice of building construction in the southern areas shows that many houses are designed without taking into account the excess thermal action of insolation in the summer. In buildings with unlimited access of insolation to the premises, technical means of sun protection (air conditioning, internal cooling systems) are used, which leads to significant energy consumption. Currently in Ukraine there is no normative document that regulates the rules of design of sun protection devices, their types, requirements for them; basic efficiency criteria; methods of their determination. The peculiarity of the method is the use of a minimum amount of climatological information about the construction area. To perform calculations, it is enough to know: latitude, monthly average values of air temperature and its daily amplitude.
Сучасні технології та енергозбереження в архітектурі
Copyright (c) 2022 Collection of scientific works «Scientific Problems of Architecture and Urban Planning» | ODABA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trends in the development of modern world architecture
The article demonstrates that new requirements and challenges open new perspectives in forming the habitat and architectural creativity due to technical and technological capabilities. The architects` role and place in the integration processes of a technocratic society are analyzed. The main reasons for the loss of leading positions in the construction industry by modern architects are determined. The unique role of the "syntheticity" of contemporary architecture is singled out. It is shown that modern architecture is turning from a monocultural phenomenon into a symbiosis of creative, cultural, scientific, and technical potentials. The example of the buildings "Vertical Forest" (Bosco Verticale) in Milan or the "Tower of Cedars" (La tour des Cedres) in Lausanne, the complex of the concert hall "Maraya" in the Al-Ula desert of Saudi Arabia, the convention center in Changzhou Park in China, the active participation of design engineers in the creative process of design and construction, the introduction of "green" technologies and materials, the implementation of the principles of the following "sustainable" construction is shown. The study emphasizes that the design of complex engineering systems and mechanisms significantly complicates the process of architectural and building design. It requires the architect to go beyond the scope of the profession fundamentally. It is pointed out that the alienation of a person from architecture has become an obvious deep problem of architectural activity at the level of the author-architect, the consumer-addressee, and at the level of development, transformation, and implementation of the project. Several reasons have been identified that do not allow most architects to become the head of a complex mechanism for implementing their creative intent. It is proved that the full development of the architect in the working process is possible only in large architectural firms. The importance of a dynamic process of improving modern management technologies in large architectural firms, and more active public involvement at all stages of construction and investment activities, is emphasized. It is argued that small architectural bureaus cannot guarantee their employees the development of quality of their professional horizons. One of the ways to solve these problems is proposed. It is argued that the capabilities of modern digital technologies, scientific and technical discoveries, and the inconsistency of the integration process, bring many new and specific trends to architectural activity. The tendency of gradual improvement of constructive-plastic, functionaltechnical, and artistic-aesthetic qualities in mass construction is revealed.
History of winemaking activity in the Odesa region
According to research, the origin of grape culture was simultaneously, or at different times, in several geographical centers independently of each other. With the further development of human civilization in different regions, viticulture developed separately and in parallel. Historical materials show that even then quite advanced varieties and various technologies were used. Modern viticulture is built on the foundation of ancient cultures and the experience of growing grapes throughout the historical period of human civilization. Every corner of the land where grapes were grown and are grown has its own traditions of consumption of products. At the present stage, viticulture is a powerful branch of agricultural activity of mankind. In some countries of the world viticulture is the basic branch of the economy. High plasticity of culture and the use of special cultivation technologies promotes the promotion of grapes in nontraditional regions, in particular in the North. Thus, the presented article on the topic "History of winemaking activity in the Odesa region" will allow students of higher agricultural educational institutions, specialists and amateurs in viticulture to get acquainted with a deep layer of historical information that allows to understand the current state and prospects of the industry on different continents. The article reviews and analyzes the history of winemaking in the Odesa region and the main stages of the formation of the wine industry as an important economic component of agriculture in our region. It will also be considered and analyzed what historical factors and events influenced the development of winemaking in the Odesa region - this is not a scientific term and under what historical conditions the industry has reached its greatest development.
Theoretical and methodological concepts of form-making in architecture, design and art
The article covers concepts of form-making in architecture, art and design in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. The focus lies on study of interconnection between internal structure and exterior form in organic and inorganic objects, which seems more relevant than simple reproduction and replication of natural forms. Study of such changes provided the basis for a trend of metabolism dating back to the middle 20th century in architecture and urban planning in Japan, biomorphism in design and morphogenesis in America. Those theoretical and methodological concepts of form-making greatly affected designing efforts of architects and designers throughout the world. Regrettably, that did not have a considerable effect on understanding general laws of form-making and composition in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods of architectural and artistic training. A large number of publications dedicated to study of general laws, principles or categories of composition does not view them as interconnected with objective laws of form-making. Such approach distorts development of an integral system of knowledge of artistic and visual formmaking in architects- and designers-to-be Purpose of Research is to clarify the notions of “composition”, “laws of composition”, “general laws of composition”, their number and connection with form-making laws (morphogenesis). The following objectives have been set to achieve the purpose: - to study some concepts providing an insight into form-making (morphogenesis) in architecture and design; - to identify interconnection between laws of form-making and general laws of composition. Key notion in one or another theoretical and methodological concept of application of innovative processes in designing efforts of architects and designers is the notion of morphogenesis. In architecture and design morphogenesis may serve as a synonym of formmaking, envisaging the process of occurrence and transformation of an optimum form of an object on the whole. The notions “form-making” and “composition” have a similar understanding of the process of creating a new form, a new reality, a new product in architecture, design and art. Interconnection of general laws of composition and general laws of nature was pointed out by many scholars and artists. Relying on general laws of nature, we define five laws of formmaking. From this perspective it is fair to say that the essence and number of general laws of composition as a key component of art, architecture and design are determined by laws of formmaking.
Principles of formation of individual signs of style in modern design graphics
The article discusses the principles of the formation of individual style features in modern project graphics. The main method for solving this problem is to explain the role of architectural drawing as an additional reflection of the ideas of the author's project, explain the importance of hand and computer graphics as a special creative and technical process in separate projects. The author draws attention to the fact that hand-drawn graphics are special, especially the original image, which is inherent only to one person. We can still vividly imagine the combination of the process of the human brain with pencil and paper, which give individual handwriting and life. It is argued that training and education are necessary for the formation of an individual style. Modern successors of this and specialists in didactic practice have developed and are developing new methods of correct representation, which greatly simplify and contribute to the development of this individuality. Therefore, pedagogical experience is also important for the formation of an individual sign of style in modern design graphics. Additional roles of entourage and staffage in the design process form a special vibration and experience in the formation of an individual style. They, in addition to the main style of presentation, allow you to create the desired symbiosis with a dry computer presentation and more lively and emotional hand-drawn graphics. It was advisable to apply the fact that the knowledge of various authors of graphic developments and drawings about understanding the basic principles and methods of graphic representation of the environment, the most important object, on the basis of which any future artist will create a unique drawing style, his own unique handwriting. The forms of graphic works can change over time for one author, under the influence of general changes in society, the emergence of new technologies, new tasks, etc.
Acceptance of traditions and transformation of style in art education in the period of globalization
The article analyzes the art education systems of different countries, teaching methods, the role of the pedagogical system and the teacher himself in the formation of the student and the education of his own artistic style in modern conditions of globalization and its influence on preservation. Identity Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon that has already arrived, in the process of which goods, information, knowledge and cultural values are exchanged around the world, and it is becoming more and more interconnected. Globalization processes in culture and art have a negative impact on art education and are reflected in qualitative changes in teaching methods and techniques, affect the preservation of identity, cultural heritage, mentality and established traditions in the training of specialists. The market makes inorganic demands on the artist, which greatly distort his unique vision of the world. Reality often requires a lot from a modern artist that is not related to creativity. At some point, the market begins to require him to be a manager, a bureaucrat, to be able to build a system of promotion and growth using fashionable trends. As a result of transformations in the course of globalization, education has lost its true purpose - the development of elevated creative foundations of the individual, the formation of a person as a spiritual being, enlightenment and the desire for improvement [5]. Our task in the conditions of inevitable globalization is to choose for ourselves and to form and preserve our system of art education, taking into account all the risks of the Bologna process with its motto at the head: "nothing personal, only business." Creativity does not tolerate universality, creativity has no limits and cannot be subject to uniform standards. Artistic creativity as a form of self-expression is an important part of the development of a modern person's personality, as a form of survival in a global world. The globalization of education is characterized by the expansion of the interests of developed countries into the corresponding areas of developing countries. It is obvious that globalization processes are beneficial mainly to countries with developed economies, which are trying to strengthen their dominant position in all possible spheres, science, education, sociology [14]. Less developed countries are seeing an outflow of young people in search of a better life. Thus, the problem to be solved is the preservation of traditional art education with a master teacher at the head of this process in the face of inevitable changes in the globalization of society and the education system.
Features of water recreational and health complexes in Ukraine
Today, attention to health has become not only a concern for one's future, but also a lifestyle. Everyone wants to be healthy, athletic, slim, beautiful and joyful, living in harmony with the world around them. There are plenty of ways to keep fit: many people run in the morning, go to the fitness center, follow a diet and fight against bad habits. Technologies and equipment in the beauty sector are constantly improving, and entire industries have emerged on the basis of the general passion for health, one of which is wellness. Today, the world is striving for natural methods of treatment and health maintenance. The idea of vacation as an opportunity for natural healing fits perfectly with people's stereotypes and needs. More and more people are willing to combine recreation with health and appearance care, so the topic of building water recreation facilities is relevant today not only for health and beauty industry professionals, but also for those involved in investment, construction, operation and management of hotels. In this regard, the right location for the construction of sanatoriums and resorts plays an important role. Beautiful landscapes, clean air and healing mineral waters make balneological resorts a great place to spend a vacation. A pleasant, carefree vacation there can be combined with healthy treatments.
Environment as an object of research in architectural design
The article "Environment as an object of research in architectural design" is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of "architectural environment" in order to identify the qualities and capabilities of the design object that still is not taken into account in the design practice of DAE. The definitions of "environment" as an interdisciplinary phenomenon (philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc.) are considering, the concept of "architectural environment" is clarify in relation to the specifics of the designer's professional activity. The characteristics, signs, properties, parameters, and criteria for the formation of the environment are established. Such positions as "boundaries and composition", "structural and component certainty" and the functions of the environment in the cultural context are also considered. This information is summarize in tables. A comparison of traditional and innovative methods and areas of research on the architectural environment. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental positions that remain outside the scope of researchers' interests: environmental scenario, scene, dynamic composition, environmental situation and dialogues, spirit of the area, spirit of the times, atmosphere of the environment, lifestyle and artistic image of the architectural environment.
Dynamics of the development of spatial archetypes in the transition to technocivilization
The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the development of spatial archetypes in the transition to technocivilization. Particular attention is paid to finding new approaches to the development of historic cities and their centers, ideological and methodological foundations of preservation of architectural monuments, as well as historical and architectural heritage, its use and development in a foreign, ie man-made environment and globalization. It was found that the main trends in solving the problems of coexistence, on the one hand, the urban environment and urban culture, and on the other - the urban environment and mass culture today are associated with several trends in the development of artificial environments. Among them, the most important are the processes of first confrontation and polarization, and then confrontation and absorption by the urban environment of the urban environment. It is proved that the attractiveness of cities is determined by the unconditional advantages of urban life, which increases the pace of socio-cultural development of modern society. The development of the concept of architectural space as a dynamic system and the identification of its humanitarian basis, which through architecture is invariably translated into the environment of human existence within the framework of any social system - from traditional to man-made.
Intelligent lighting system (development prospects in residential buildings)
Comfort has always been one of the engines of progress, forcing human thought to invent more and more new devices to make their lives easier. Since ancient times, people have always sought to arrange their homes in such a way as to maximize comfort with minimal effort. Lighting, like nothing else, affects home comfort. Properly selected light can even affect mood. It can have both positive and negative effects on performance. By adjusting the lighting, you can create an intimate or working environment, calm your thoughts and prepare yourself for sleep, or, conversely, trigger brain activity and wake up. In addition to functionality, light also has a decorative function. By choosing the right brightness and color, you can visually change the interior and create the right atmosphere. That is why proper lighting should be given due attention. Recently emerged smart technologies are gaining popularity around the world. Until recently, smart lighting was considered very expensive, but now it is becoming more affordable. There are many manufacturers, additional functions, and different types of smart lighting. How does smart lighting technology work in the home? You can control the light using either a remote control or voice commands. Newer versions have special apps for smartphones that serve as a kind of remote control. Smart lighting is a lighting technology aimed at increasing the energy efficiency and comfort of using artificial light sources, which is achieved through the use of automated control, light sensors, as well as planning, accentuation, and modern ways of interacting with people and other equipment.
Architectural design techniques in organization of public spaces in dense urban building
Organization of public spaces features in conditions of dense urban development are considered in the article. The design of such spaces contributes to the formation of a friendly environment with a priority on the human scale. The experience of organizing public spaces has been analyzed. It has been established that modern trends in the design of open public spaces are aimed at creating physical, psychological and visual comfort for city residents. It was noted that two main types of actions take place in the public space: pedestrians' moving and staying. Such spaces are in constant connection with the surrounding buildings and interact with them in spatial planning and functional aspects. Depending on the urban planning situation, public space can be mono- or multi-functional. Three main architectural and design methods of organizing public space in dense buildings were identified during the research: abutment, intersection and centering. It has been noted that public spaces should have an expressive artistic image that helps to identify it and create a «living» center for city residents. Formation of urban interiors is related to existing situation analysis in a certain fragment of urban environment, identification of residents' actual needs, detailing of space due to subject filling. Attracting all the necessary means for the full functioning of public space and the ability to meet the needs of society in a quality environment is a priority task today and in the future. It is very important to create urban environment features of openness to public at the sidewalk levels. Public spaces in dense buildings can have quite a variety of configurations, despite planning and spatial limitations. Their design is based on an environmental approach and a detailed features study of socio-cultural processes that take place in a certain area.
Ernst Neizvestny, a sculptor, engaging in the philosophy of art
The article is devoted to the outstanding world-famous sculptor, engaging in the philosophy of art, Ernst Neizvestny, who represents a monumental synthesis of the Russian avant-garde of Kandinsky, Malevich, Tatlin and Filonov. His works carry in itself a unique combination of the ideas of East and West and embodies the concept of synthesis of arts, the monumental style of sculpture and graphics, integrating the spiritual content and modern forms, the vision of the world as harmony and freedom – all this is symbolically expressed in the drawings, graphics, sculpture and monuments of Neizvestny. Among his works, well-known works are considered to be the monumental compositions “A Tree of Life” and “A Golden Child” in Odesa. His creative path and life are studied in the article: childhood and youth in the USSR, participation in the Great Patriotic War, fame and criticism at home, emigration to the USA (1976), and also worldwide recognition. His works compose the collections of many of the world's leading museums such as the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Museum of Modern Art in Paris, the Contemporary Museum in Stockholm, the Museum of Modern Art in Belgrade and the Kennedy Centre in Washington. Ernst Neizvestny is the author of essays, memoirs, was engaged in poetic creativity; read lectures at the largest universities in the world, the topics of his lectures are: “Art and Freedom”, “Art and Society”, “Dante and Dostoevskiy”. He was an honorary member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, New York Academy of Sciences and Arts, European Academy of Arts and Sciences and Humanities. The fate and works of Ernst Neizvestny became the subject of many books, articles and films (Alexander Zinoviev's story “Yawning Heights”, the documentary film “One Day of Truth”, based on the Nobel lecture of Alexander Solzhenitsyn).
Проблеми збереження історико-архітектурної спадщини
Renovation of industrial building and its adaptation to the modern urban environment
Analysis of the features of the formation of urban public space through the renovation of industrial zones, as well as the identification of the prospects of this process and its impact on the existing structure of the city, based on existing domestic and foreign experience. Method. In modern conditions, with limited financial and material and technical resources of the state, the emergence of global and complex tasks of renovation of existing buildings is an expedient solution from the point of view of reducing costs for new construction. However, this is possible with the application of a comprehensive approach, which aims to preserve the originality, authenticity, identity and historical resources of the urban environment, and also allows to achieve a high predicted efficiency in the implementation of reconstruction projects in the shortest possible time. Renovation of industrial buildings refers to environmental praxeology - one of the content blocks of the theory of harmonization of the architectural environment, which investigates methods of effective organization of activities with the improvement of the artificially created environment. The results. As a result of the study, a comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign experience of renovation of industrial areas was carried out, and a number of factors affecting the renovation processes in the existing urban planning situation with the influence of all existing and possible processes were identified. It was found that depending on the tasks, different functional adaptation and direction of this or that industrial building or complex is possible, as well as its subsequent adaptation into the insuring system of the city. Scientific novelty. Different approaches to the process of renovation of industrial territories were identified and the principles of transforming the existing industrial function into a public space were substantiated. Practical significance. The analysis of the real state of industrial zones was carried out with the aim of an effective process of renovation of outdated and irrationally used industrial territory, which is located both in the structure of the city and outside it. All objects of renovation are considered in view of the time frame, the functional purpose of the buildings, the subject of the implementation of the investment project. Problems were studied and recommendations were made for the development of renovation in the capital and Ukraine in general, based on foreign experience and works.
From sculpture in ancient Greece to trade symbols in the architecture of Odesa
The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study and reveal the historical objects of architecture of Greece and southern Ukraine, in particular the city of Odesa, which influenced the formation of a unique image of buildings and structures. Analysis of different styles in architecture can be useful in restoration works on the reconstruction of architectural monuments. The Greeks always believed that only in a beautiful body can live a beautiful soul. Therefore, the harmony of the body, external perfection is an indispensable condition and the basis of an ideal person. The Greek ideal is defined by the term kalokagatia (Greek: kalos - beautiful, agathos - good). Since kalokagathia includes the perfection of both bodily and spiritual and ethical makeup, the ideal carries justice, chastity, courage and intelligence along with beauty and strength. Along the shores of the Black Sea, on the coast of Southern Italy, there was a group of slave states known in history as Ancient Greece, or Hellas. In the XII-VII centuries BC in Ancient Greece there was a decomposition of the primitive communal system and patriarchal slavery appeared, which in the VIII-VI centuries BC formed the basis of the economic and political life of society. The commodity-money economy developed, which was concentrated in slave cities-states (polis). The largest among them were Athens and Sparta, whose struggle for dominance in ancient Greece was simultaneously a struggle between democracy and aristocratic oligarchy, which led to the Peloponnesian War of 431-404 BC. The Greek polis, exhausted by the war, fell under the rule of Macedonia in 338 BC. For the purpose of comparative analysis, the study includes buildings of the early period, which arose in Odesa from 1880 to 1910. The range of the studied buildings includes public buildings: commercial, entertainment and administrative, which were built in that period. Each building of the central part of the city is unique in the range of elements and details used, in the compositional solution, in the unique decoration of facades and interiors. It is necessary to identify the characteristic features that were developed in the architecture of the city of different periods: modern, constructivism, minimalism. Identification of stylistic trends and directions makes it possible to avoid mistakes in the process of reproducing the executed elements and details on the example of trade symbols.
Formation of open public spaces as a means of improving the postindustrial urban environment
As a result of the study of concepts, the legality of the definition of open public spaces in the structure of the city, as some subsystem that includes architectural and urban planning, design, engineering and transport elements, is socially oriented and aimed at creating a comfortable, accessible, aesthetically attractive and ecologically safe environment. It has been established that open public spaces are getting a second lease of life today - they are becoming unique centers of attraction and communication, combining aesthetics, functional richness and meeting the social needs of society. Abroad, there is already some experience of creating new or restoring existing open public spaces in order to overcome depressive processes in the urban environment as a legacy of the industrial period. In Ukraine, in turn, where the first manifestations of the change of technological eras in the early 1990s coincided with the establishment of independence and the transition to market relations, the degradation of urban areas was felt quite acutely. In such conditions, there is a need to prevent the further deepening of destructive tendencies in the development of the urban environment. In our country, where urban territories were also destroyed as a result of military operations, their restoration becomes quite urgent and stimulates the search for new approaches to solving this problem. In such conditions, the further formation of open urban spaces is considered as an opportunity to create a subsystem of the primary elements of attraction - open public spaces - multifunctional, with a developed transport and pedestrian infrastructure, aesthetically attractive, ecologically safe, capable of ensuring the activation of the socio-cultural life of citizens.
Organization of internal space of passenger terminals of modern airports
The article is devoted to the aspects of designing and organizing the internal space of the terminals of modern airport complexes. The article provides a brief analysis of the current state of the passenger terminals of the world's leading airports. Examples of existing experience in the design and construction of air terminal complexes are considered, trends in their further development are identified. The features of the functional-planning, architectural-spatial organization of modern air terminals and the basic principles of the formation of the internal structure of these facilities are studied. Airport design is one of the most difficult tasks in the practice of architects, which requires non-standard solutions to achieve impressive results. The article discusses new trends in the design and development of architecture and design in this area of design, namely, the Aerotropolis airport. One of the main tasks in the design of passenger terminals is the organization of a competent and thoughtful system of visual communication with the help of which a person can clearly and easily orient himself in space. Examples of the most successful solutions in organizing a visual communications system in passenger terminals are given. The article reveals patterns and new trends in the organization of the internal space of air terminal complexes, the use of energy saving technologies and modern environmentally friendly materials. Examples of the most successful solutions in this area, included in the list of the best airports in the world according to the results of the World Airport Awards competition, are considered. Conclusions are drawn regarding the primary tasks in the design of such complex objects. Proposals for the development of the functional planning structure and organization of the internal space of air terminals have been determined. The analysis of this topic is of considerable interest, since life offers new non-standard solutions.
Modern planning and design methods in improving the comfort and safety of pedestrian traffic
The reconstruction of Ukrainian cities is proposed to be carried out taking into account the high level of motorization of the population in the future, using methods of planning influence and design methods on the speed of traffic in the development of master plans. It is proposed to take into account such criteria as horizontal and vertical requirements for the route, traffic volume, design speed, sight distance, transverse elements, intersections and markings. The author describes the method of "traffic calming", which includes the principle of organizing traffic in the territory by means of diversionary highways; transit traffic is transferred; the conflict between service vehicles, cars of people living in the territory, and pedestrians is resolved by reducing the speed of transport to 35-15 km per hour; pedestrians and public transport are given priority, and schemes for organizing the redevelopment of the intersection are developed. Traffic calming measures help to achieve the goals that can be summarized as two main ones: improving safety and improving the environment. The space of traffic calming streets is rebuilt in such a way that cars traveling along it do not have a direct path to reach objects located there. To achieve this, measures are taken such as narrowing the roadway, curving it by gradually approaching the sides of the street space, and using a special pavement to allow pedestrians to distinguish between areas intended for stationary and moving vehicles. In addition, especially for large cities, the improvement of urban traffic consists in creating a more attractive living environment, as well as safer conditions for citizens to stay and children to play indoors, which is achieved by design methods in the use of decorative asphalt concrete pavement. All components (from unique equipment that heats the asphalt to special coatings) are designed to solve a range of problems in the decorative design of the urban landscape and give unlimited creative freedom to architects and designers. The use of decorative asphalt has an undeniable cost advantage over paving slabs or stone. Decorative asphalt pavement can be produced on existing asphalt concrete. This can provide significant cost savings in its application. The asphalt concrete base provides excellent stability and durability, as well as maintainability of the pavement in comparison with such as road stone, tiles, etc.
The relevance of studying the problem of garbage and its recycling in large cities
Today, urban development is developing at a rapid pace, economic growth and lifestyle changes lead to an increase in cities and an increase in the urban population, which in turn leads to an increase and accumulation of solid household waste in these cities. Solid sweat waste is probably one of the most urgent problems of mankind, especially nowadays. We encounter garbage all the time, at home at work, walking down the street, walking in the park, in a word, everywhere. All this garbage has a very strong effect on us, it affects both physical health, worsening it, and psychological health. All this is an integral part of our life, and people have even learned to deal with this problem. But not everything is as simple as it might seem at first glance. Although it seems to me that the problem is not in the garbage itself, but in how people treat it. For example, consider such a phenomenon as "Waste dumps" or "Garbage landfills", which today cause considerable concern. First of all, this is a negative impact on ecology, primarily soil pollution around the landfill, groundwater pollution, which entails a problem with fresh water. Another important aspect is air pollution and an unpleasant smell that can spread for many kilometers. A large part of the population claims that all waste problems can be solved by recycling. Despite this, landfills continue to be the most common form of waste disposal worldwide. There is also a common belief that landfill is an economical means of waste disposal. Yes, it is definitely the cheapest and easiest way to get rid of waste, but is such savings worth the environmental problems that will arise in the future.
Evolution of architectural graphics in the historical context
The article explores the dynamics and transformation of visualization methods in architectural graphics at different stages of history. The aim of research lies in the analysis of the evolution of these methods in historical development and their influx into current practice. This research is based on a review of the literature and analysis of the historical data and current trends in architectural graphics. The various stages in the development of methods for creating visual images in architectural graphics are examined, starting from traditional manual techniques and up to modern digital tools. It was found out that the training of architects in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages was carried out orally, followed by the development of the method of building an object directly in practice. That is, the architect was personally involved from the creation of the idea to the construction of the object. It was mentioned that during the Renaissance, the workshop system of architectural education continued to study new theories and methods of depicting architectural graphics. Factors have been identified that influence the evolution of these methods: technological progress, cultural and social changes, and others. The article states that one of the professional benefits of architectural practice is the development of the author’s handwriting or graphic language, which is used to identify the author of the project, architect, or organization. We want to point out the best visual presentation of projects of architectural bureaus. It is seen that modern graphic language is diverse and a mix of traditional and modern visual techniques. It has been established that the evolution of methods for creating visual images in architectural graphics is rich in aspects and dynamic. The prospects for further research are also highlighted, including an analysis of the influx of digital technologies, the aesthetic aspects of visual communication, and the synthesis of traditional and current approaches. Recognize the need for further research for a deeper understanding of the evolution of architectural graphics and the development of innovative approaches to the creation of visual images.
method of creating an architectural image
Academic art education within the structure of the bologna process
Observing the changes taking place in education after the transition of Ukraine to the Bologna system in 2005, there are many discussions in scientific circles about the expediency of such reforms. The new parameters of higher education, developed within the European educational space, offer a single model, as a result of which a rapid reorganization of higher education is taking place. The problem of the integration of education includes the inconsistency of traditional methods of education and innovative standards of the Bologna system, which is supplemented by economic, political and socio-cultural differences. In Ukraine, the promotion of cultural traditions and the historical value of works of art is drastically losing its quality. The question of reviving one's own identity and raising a highly educated generation of artists who maintain a progressive academic education is acute. In this connection, contradictions arise between the requirements of the Bologna and national education systems regarding the need to preserve their features. One of the most controversial issues is the preservation of academic art education within the framework of the Bologna process, as a different concept in the education system. The authors formulate the main points of opposition to the unification of education and the necessary methods of existence of the academic system. Through the analysis of what is happening, possible methods of maintaining the balance between traditional values and modern challenges of reforming higher education are considered, which require a flexible approach to the integration of best practices while preserving the main cultural features of higher education. The problem of the need for constant monitoring of market demand and social obligations to preserve the own resource of able-bodied people and stop the outflow of young scientists from the territory of the country is raised. Based on the experience of the Department of Fine Arts of AHI ODABA, which is trying to maintain an academic school despite political and economic challenges, the curriculum of the educational program is analyzed as an example of a balanced approach and adaptation to new requirements.
Synergetic effect of training architects: combination of monotype and computer graphics
The article draws special attention to the need to renew the methodology of graphic training of architects, since the main indicators of their professional level and productive activity are the ability to use computer programs at a sufficiently creative level, which is an important addition to the formation of architects-artists. The research shows that there is insufficient attention to the monotype technique as a means of stimulating creativity and an incentive to search for visual and compositional solutions, as an influential factor in improving creative skills based on the principle of creative combination of monotype and computer graphics. The purpose of this article is to consider modern methods of graphic preparation and identify approaches to combining traditional printed graphics and computer graphics in the process of artistic and creative education. To substantiate the position that monotype in a new quality of application - a combination of monotype and computer graphics is of great importance for the formation of a future professional on the basis of the formation of a "synergistic" effect in the process of training architects. The study stipulates that the socio-cultural content of the "visual and project space" of architecture, which must simultaneously be "adapted" to the modern world together with modern forms and methods of training architects, requires updating the content-methodical component of education, which can no longer be based only on " traditional-system" approach to teaching graphics, and therefore a "combination of classical art education, creative and virtual. On the basis of the conceptual position of the study, in the aspect of attention to printed prints — Monotypes and the idea of the process of combining monotype and computer graphics as a synergistic, visual and creative basis of the combination of monotype and computer graphics - as a synthesis in monotype and computer graphics, the main methods, principles and results are revealed. On the basis of an example of a practical lesson on the topic of the relationship and influence of the constructive features of "graphics" on architecture as a monumental art and on the methods of teaching architects, the necessity of using Art-technology for creative education as a synthesis-combination of monotype and virtual computer graphics is determined for the manifestation of figurative and symbolic graphic "language and speech" of architecture. The conclusions establish the importance of studying the basics of monotype as an independent phenomenon of modern artistic creativity, and as an influential factor in improving students' creative skills, revealing their creative potential, monotype is a means of stimulating creativity in modern graphic design and the search for compositional solutions. It is argued that the combination of monotype and computer graphics creates a synergistic effect, helps to create original images on a limited plane. The application of this art technology for creative education determines the result of a synergistic effect, which is manifested in the presence of obtaining elements of novelty and the practical significance of the results. Prospects for further research. The researched problem-creative synthesis-combination of monotype and computer graphics requires the further invention of a special conceptual method of modern graphic training and the introduction of a "synergistic model" of education based on the idea of a holistic "integrative character of the informatization of modern education", which combines various artistic technologies in the process of formation artistic and creative personality.
Architectural graphics as a means of forming the author's graphic culture of future specialists
The article is devoted to the formation of the author's graphic culture of future architects in the process of performing architectural graphics, considers the peculiarities of the conceptual apparatus in relation to the graphic culture of students and outlines the main directions of methodological support for the transition from a natural image of architecture to the formation of the author's style. The purpose of the study is to find out the relationship between the performing special tasks in architectural graphics and the formation of the author's graphic culture of future architects. The professional activity of a modern architect is multifaceted and includes all stages of design, from the development of a creative idea to its implementation. The creative design process requires technical training in this area, spatial awareness, skills and the ability to perform complex graphic constructions. Graphic literacy plays a significant role in acquiring the necessary knowledge for this. The execution of images is a necessary part of the creative process of architectural design, starting with preliminary sketches (architectural sketches), projection drawings and ending with the development of working drawings intended for construction. Architectural graphics is a means of professional representation that reveals the figurative, scale and spatial properties of an object. Modern architectural graphics is diverse and covers all types of means by which spatial forms are depicted on a plane, and also forms the professional experience in the future profession of designer, architect or builder. These tasks are solved in the course of studying Architectural Graphics. The aim of the course «Architectural Graphics» is to acquaint students with the ways of creating images of architectural objects and their parts using graphic materials, making architectural drawings, architectural sketches, sketch ideas, fore-sketches, working drawings and, most importantly, forming the author's graphic style. Hand-drawn graphics largely express the professional handwriting and face of an architect, which is why, despite the current level of computer graphics and modelling, the ability to draw professionally is absolutely necessary for an architect to express his ideas at the stage of first thoughts, sketching and conceptualisation.
Self-organization of interior public space on the example of Kharkiv metropolitan
The application of a systemic approach to the study of the largest cities as complex, open, hierarchically organized formations arising as a result of the deepening of the urbanization process is considered. In the conditions of changing technological eras and the formation of a post-industrial society, the city is defined as a complex synthetic object in which historical, economic, social, political, ecological, biological, natural-scientific laws act in concert, which by their combined action cause the existence of single mechanisms of emergence and functioning the city as a whole, and attempts to describe the processes of the emergence and development of the city, as well as the construction of an approach to the perspective formation of urban formations, taking into account the possibilities of their regulation, take place with the help of a synergistic approach, which best meets the existing challenges, and the city itself is considered as a complex, open, non-linear, capable to self-organization, the socio-territorial system is a synergistic system. At the same time, the phenomenon of self-organization comes to the fore. It has been studied that today, when the urban settlements of Ukraine are in difficult conditions of martial law, and external challenges, in fact, determine the possibility of their final destruction, the self-organization of the most stable structural elements of the urban system becomes the key to ensuring the livelihood of settlements. Regarding the largest cities, such as Kharkiv, the presence of the subway as an important component of the urban planning framework and its functioning in a special period allows us to look at its role not only as a high-speed vehicle, but also as a public space, which, as a shelter, ensures the preservation of physical and mental health of city residents, communication opportunities and other functions. It was revealed that in the process of functioning of the Kharkiv subway in the special conditions of the war, in its structure, which is an important component of the city-wide transport infrastructure, processes of causal self-organization take place, which are manifested in the transformation of narrowly functional transit spaces of station interiors into public ones; filling these spaces with new functions - creating safe corners for preschool children to play in a playful way, holding exhibitions of children's drawings, concerts, holiday performances, etc. The formation of a target self-organization through the creation under the patronage of the city government of an educational process in the younger grades of the school with the aim of improving the socialization of children during military operations is being observed.
main and secondary subsystems of the city
subway as a constituent element of the city's transport infrastructure
Innovative approachse to interior design
The article «Innovative approaches to interior design» is devoted to identifying modern approaches to interior design, comparing these approaches with traditional ones, and establishing non-architectural factors that influence interior design. Interiors are shaped by architecture and design. The process of shaping is traditionally based on the experience and suggestions of fashion journals, but not all of these solutions are viable, not always elite – the advertising experiment correlates with the everyday life of users. The main innovation in the change of approaches is not the design that is accepted, but the rethinking of many life technologies. The transformation of constantly changing life technologies into material forms. Combinations of materialized life forms, their complexes and combinations become a factor of architectural and design creativity in the field of interior design. Interior design results in the design of environmental processes, situations, and is based on aesthetics of a different kind than the traditional one. The essence of interior design is not to make things beautiful, but to see beauty in everyday life and its processes. The task is to establish the methods and principles of design education of the environment, its implementation in professional design creativity. The article is aimed at finding the prospects of the profession, the potential of practice turns, which can be used as a basis for future creative searches. The sources of generating new ideas revealed. New approaches are illustrated by student works.
Level design as one of the methods of using alternative contemporary architecture
The article is dedicated to the peculiarities characteristic of the new generation of designers and architects who have embraced the design possibilities of the so-called digital era. It examines the distinctions between level design and architecture, focusing on their objectives and creation context. While there are numerous intersections and interactions between level design and architecture, both disciplines involve creating spaces for people. Nevertheless, there are significant differences that need to be considered when teaching architecture students about level design. This article discusses some of these differences and offers recommendations for teaching level design within the context of architectural education. Level design is the process of creating game locations that provide an interesting and engaging gaming experience. Level designers utilize various techniques and tools to shape space, atmosphere, tasks, and challenges for players. Level design requires knowledge of game design, architecture, psychology, art, and programming. Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures. It deals with the form, function, aesthetics, social aspects, and durability of space. Architects employ various methods and tools to develop concepts, plans, models, and documentation for their projects. Research conducted within the scientific activities of the Drawing, Painting, and Architectural Graphics Department, the Department of Architectural Design, and the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning indicates the necessity of considering innovative educational processes as part of architects' practical activities aimed at adapting students to innovations. The article addresses issues regarding the utilization of research findings in the development and improvement of departmental disciplines for architecture students and the methodology for representing an interactive approach to teaching, which fosters the thinking of future architects. It also explores one of the contemporary issues – game development – as one of the methods of using alternative contemporary architecture. The necessity of integrating traditional academic and innovative approaches in teaching representation as a comprehensive subject in the architect and designer professions is justified. A classification of approaches to level design as a tool for realizing ideas of "paper architecture" in the works of architecture students and graphic designers is provided. The article discusses current approaches in education and their reflection in architectural and graphic solutions in higher education institutions based on an analysis of international experience. Conceptual and practical solutions in the field of representing architectural spaces in higher education institutions that correspond to current changes in the educational process system are identified.
Formation of an artistic and gigurative concept for the design of the arcjitectural environment of Devolanovskyi descent in Odesa
The article explores the approaches to the formation of artistic-spatial and artisticfigurative design concepts for Devolanovskyi Descent in Odesa. Based on the analysis of academic tasks in the disciplines of DAS and diploma design, it is established that the artistic and figurative solution in architectural and design planning is derived from the artistic analysis of form, volume, space. This analysis is carried out in the language and means inherent in contemporary art. The object of the study is a fragment of the architectural environment in the form of the original spatial organization, volume or form, and the subject is the artistic and figurative interpretation of this fragment by means of formal composition. This is a kind of creative translation from the language of art to the language of project graphics. The peculiarity of this activity is the artistic mastery of the initial environmental situation, the identification of the figurative potential of the fragment of the architectural environment under study, the construction of a consistent system of impressions with an emphasis on the carrier of imagery: space, form, volume, mass, detail, color, etc. The second important element of artistic comprehension is the consumer of the environment and environmental activity. The peculiarity is the combination of “freeze-frames” of easel art with artistic and staging activities, a procedural dynamic composition that provides a number of environmental impressions. Thus, environmental factors are transformed into artistic ideas and vice versa; the spheres of visual interaction between a person and a fragment of the environment are established, areas with the qualities of art objects and environmental installations appear, etc. The student works are presented, which focus on a certain potential of the architectural environment of Devolanovskyi Descent in Odesa. The peculiarity of this activity is the artistic mastery of the initial environmental situation the identification of the figurative potential of the fragment of the architectural environment under study, the construction of a consistent system of impressions with an emphasis on the carrier of imagery: space, shape, volume, mass, detail, color, etc. The second important element of artistic comprehension is the consumer of the environment and environmental activity. The peculiarity is the combination of “freeze-frames” of easel art with artistic and staging activities, a procedural dynamic composition that provides a number of environmental impressions. Thus, environmental factors are transformed into artistic ideas and vice versa; the spheres of visual interaction between a reason and a fragment of the environment are established, areas with the qualities of art objects and environmental installations appear, etc. The student works are presented, which focus on a certain potential of the architectural environment of Devolanovskyi Descent in Odesa.
convergence of architectural and artistic means
Humanization of the living environment as a guarantor of sustainable development of Odesa
The article considers the factors of humanization of the living environment as one of the main principles of the sustainable development strategy of Odesa. Improving the urban structure in order to achieve physical, psychological and spiritual comfort of a person in an artificial environment demonstrates a human-centered approach to finding an integrated, comprehensive (economic, social, energy, economic, transport, etc.) model of a city with a high level of environmental quality. The analysis is focused on studying the current state of Odesa and finding solutions to overcome the antagonism and confrontation between the existing conditions and the universal human needs of its residents. It has been determined that humanization is based on taking into account the biological, physiological, spiritual, aesthetic, psychological and socio-cultural aspects of human needs; it is based on social, environmental, ergonomic, functional, aesthetic, constructive, technological, economic requirements for improving the living environment and provides conditions for the formation of an environmentally, psychologically and aesthetically comfortable environment by urban planning means. The results obtained will contribute to the development of a program for the further development of residential areas of Odesa, their reconstruction and transformation into a comfortable, dignified and humane environment of the 21st century that best meets the level of human needs.
human needs and physiological capabilities
The strategy for the development of depressed areas of the architectural and historical environment of the city of Odessa on the example of Devolanivskyi descent street
The article is devoted to the definition of the strategy for the development of depressed areas of the architectural and historical environment of the city center of Odesa. The concept of the strategy for the development of depressed areas is defined, the factors that influence the development of the historic center of the city are identified, and approaches to the renovation of depressed areas in world practice are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the problem of preservation and continuity of the development of the architectural and historical environment, as well as the new use of objects. The basis for developing the provisions of the strategy for the development of Devolanovskyi Descent in Odesa is the legislative and regulatory framework for the inspection of buildings and structures, the Law of Ukraine “On Regulation of Urban Development”, the 18th extraordinary session of the World Heritage Committee. The inclusion of the historic center of Odesa in the UNESCO World Heritage List, the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Cultural Heritage”, state design standards, scientific works of leading theorists and practitioners in the field of design in the architectural and historical environment – Arnheim R., Day K., Lynch K., etc. The authors propose approaches to research and design in the architectural and historical environment, peculiarities of the formation of qualitative characteristics (potential) and direction. On the example of student works, the directions and principles pf organization of modern cultural and public complexes based on the historically formed environment are established. The basic concepts, specific of research and design in the architectural and historical environment are clarified. The forms of existence and mechanisms of formation of historical and cultural tradition, concepts of design solutions, continuity of development of a fragment of the architectural and historical environment are determined.
depressed territories of the city center
architectural and historical environment
strategy of development of the historic center
factors influencing the development of the architectural and historical environment
directions of development of the historic center environment
principles of development of the historic environment
indicators of implementation of the strategy if development of the historic environment
Masterly science based designing approaches to the revival of old commercial apartment buildings
The accumulation and preservation of cultural values is the basis of the development of civilization and its identity. The dynamic world of real estate is constantly evolving under the influence of economic shifts, demographic changes and technological advances. Professionals are forced to find a balance between preserving the historic charm of tenement houses and meeting modern requirements to ensure their revival. The renewal strategy should ensure the effective legal aspects of the transformation of the urban landscape, the essence of which is determined by the formula - "preservation through development, development through preservation." In the conditions of reconstruction of a valuable building, instead of creating a new spatial form, there is a need to renew a specific historical building. The potential and problems of historical forms and environment should be determined at the pre-project stage of scientific research of all aspects of their value and interrelationship. In accordance with the goal of integrating historical values into the modern life of the city, the direction of spatial expansion of the existing buildings has acquired a confident development. The purpose of the research is determined by the need to identify further scientific and project directions of the art of bringing a valuable historical residential building to full valorization. Based on the generalization of ICOMOS recommendations, the evolution of the methodology of the international management system for the preservation of cultural heritage and the experience of the practice of justified interventions in the historical context are considered. The practice of renewal and heritage management is undergoing a process of change both in theory and in practice - from focusing attention on isolated objects to a comprehensive approach with the adoption of such concepts as the value of intangible, context. Heritage is no longer perceived as an obstacle to the development of cities and local communities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop tools to stimulate the integration of these directions and the implementation of scientific and project approaches at the level of art. For this, a number of measures are necessary - comprehensive research and digital recording of the city's cultural resources; priorities in heritage conservation and sustainable development actions; joint consultations and decisions of all interested participants.
Structural features and problems of high-density residential development in modern Ukraine on the example of Odesa
This article describes the main features and characteristics of high-density residential development in modern Ukraine, which affect the formation of a quality living environment. The main issues and ways to solve them that will affect the future of high-density housing projects are highlighted. The purpose of this research is to study the features and problems of high-density residential development in modern Ukraine on the example of Odesa city. The main tasks of the study are to determine the impact of dense residential development on its development. To characterise the concept “high-density residential development”. Identify the types and forms of dense development. Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of dense development. Describe the main problems of dense development in Ukraine. As a result of the search and analytical research, the main features and problems of highdensity residential development were formed. The peculiarities of high-density residential complexes are the point and perimeter formation of the development on the construction site, the prevalence of multi-storey residential complexes and the optimisation of the amount of construction resources. The problems of high-density residential development are mainly related to the overload of the existing infrastructure of the modern city, social and economic problems, the lack or insufficient number of public open spaces, poor quality of the design and construction, and the imperfection of the current regulatory framework. High-density residential development is a promising development area for modern Ukrainian cities, which requires the renovation and additional design and construction requirements from the state building codes. The formation of a comprehensive housing strategy for modern Ukrainian cities in the future will help to solve the main problems and provide an opportunity to effectively use high-density development to create a high-quality living environment.